# ElectionSwarm The `ElectionSwarm` is a sophisticated multi-agent orchestrator selection system that implements AGENTSNET communication protocols for democratic decision-making. It enables agent voters to elect the best orchestrator candidate through various coordination algorithms, providing a structured approach to leadership selection in multi-agent workflows. ## Overview The ElectionSwarm follows a democratic election workflow pattern: 1. **Task Reception**: User provides an election task to the swarm 2. **Voter Registration**: Agent voters are registered with their preferences and expertise 3. **Candidate Presentation**: Orchestrator candidates present their platforms and capabilities 4. **Message Passing**: Voters communicate with neighbors using AGENTSNET protocols 5. **Voting Process**: Voters cast structured votes with detailed reasoning 6. **Result Determination**: Election algorithms determine the winning orchestrator 7. **Context Preservation**: All conversation history and voting records are maintained ## Architecture ```mermaid graph TD A[User Task] --> B[ElectionSwarm] B --> C[Voter Registration] B --> D[Candidate Registration] C --> E[Agent Voters] D --> F[Orchestrator Candidates] E --> G[Message Passing Protocol] F --> G G --> H[AGENTSNET Communication] H --> I[Voting Process] I --> J[Election Algorithms] J --> K[Consensus Building] J --> L[Leader Election] J --> M[Matching Algorithm] J --> N[Coloring Algorithm] J --> O[Vertex Cover] K --> P[Election Result] L --> P M --> P N --> P O --> P P --> Q[Selected Orchestrator] ``` ## Key Features | Feature | Description | |---------|-------------| | **AGENTSNET Protocols** | Implements distributed computing algorithms for coordination | | **Message Passing** | Synchronous neighbor-to-neighbor communication in rounds | | **Structured Voting** | Voters provide detailed reasoning, confidence, and candidate rankings | | **Multiple Algorithms** | Consensus, Leader Election, Matching, Coloring, Vertex Cover | | **Cost Tracking** | Budget management and token usage monitoring | | **Caching System** | Response caching to avoid redundant LLM calls | | **Lazy Loading** | Agents instantiated only when needed | | **Parallel Execution** | Concurrent agent operations for efficiency | | **Comprehensive Logging** | Detailed logging for debugging and monitoring | | **Flexible Configuration** | Configurable election parameters and algorithms | | **Voter Tool Calls** | Optional tool calls for detailed voting explanations | ## ElectionSwarm Constructor | Parameter | Type | Default | Description | |-----------|------|---------|-------------| | `name` | `str` | `"ElectionSwarm"` | Name of the election swarm | | `description` | `str` | `"Orchestrator selection with AGENTSNET algorithms"` | Description of the swarm purpose | | `voters` | `List[VoterProfile]` | `None` | List of agent voters (defaults created if None) | | `candidates` | `List[CandidateProfile]` | `None` | List of orchestrator candidates (defaults created if None) | | `election_config` | `ElectionConfig` | `None` | Election configuration settings | | `max_loops` | `int` | `1` | Maximum number of election loops | | `output_type` | `OutputType` | `"dict-all-except-first"` | Output format type | | `verbose` | `bool` | `False` | Enable verbose logging | | `enable_lazy_loading` | `bool` | `True` | Enable lazy agent loading | | `enable_caching` | `bool` | `True` | Enable response caching | | `batch_size` | `int` | `25` | Batch size for parallel operations | | `budget_limit` | `float` | `200.0` | Budget limit for cost tracking | | `*args` | `Any` | - | Additional positional arguments | | `**kwargs` | `Any` | - | Additional keyword arguments | ## Core Components ### VoterProfile Represents an agent voter in the orchestrator selection system. ```python @dataclass class VoterProfile: voter_id: str name: str voter_type: VoterType preferences: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict) expertise_areas: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) voting_weight: float = 1.0 agent: Optional[Agent] = None is_loaded: bool = False demographics: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict) past_voting_history: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list) neighbors: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) coordination_style: str = "collaborative" leadership_preferences: Dict[str, float] = field(default_factory=dict) ``` ### VoterType Enumeration of voter types in the election system. ```python class VoterType(str, Enum): INDIVIDUAL = "individual" GROUP = "group" EXPERT = "expert" DELEGATE = "delegate" ``` ### CandidateProfile Represents an orchestrator candidate in the selection system. ```python @dataclass class CandidateProfile: candidate_id: str name: str candidate_type: CandidateType party_affiliation: Optional[str] = None policy_positions: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict) campaign_promises: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) experience: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) agent: Optional[Agent] = None is_loaded: bool = False support_base: Dict[str, float] = field(default_factory=dict) campaign_strategy: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict) leadership_style: str = "collaborative" coordination_approach: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict) technical_expertise: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) ``` ### CandidateType Enumeration of candidate types in the election system. ```python class CandidateType(str, Enum): INDIVIDUAL = "individual" COALITION = "coalition" PARTY = "party" MOVEMENT = "movement" ``` ### ElectionAlgorithm AGENTSNET algorithms for coordination. ```python class ElectionAlgorithm(str, Enum): CONSENSUS = "consensus" LEADER_ELECTION = "leader_election" MATCHING = "matching" COLORING = "coloring" VERTEX_COVER = "vertex_cover" ``` ### VoterDecision Structured output from voter agents. ```python @dataclass class VoterDecision: voter_id: str rationality: str vote: VoteResult confidence: float = 0.0 reasoning_factors: List[str] = field(default_factory=list) candidate_rankings: Dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict) tool_call_explanation: Optional[str] = None timestamp: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now) ``` ### VoteResult Possible vote results. ```python class VoteResult(str, Enum): FOR = "for" AGAINST = "against" ABSTAIN = "abstain" INVALID = "invalid" ``` ### ElectionResult Results of an election. ```python @dataclass class ElectionResult: election_id: str algorithm_used: ElectionAlgorithm total_voters: int total_candidates: int votes_cast: int winner: Optional[str] = None vote_distribution: Dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=dict) voter_decisions: List[VoterDecision] = field(default_factory=list) consensus_reached: bool = False rounds_to_consensus: int = 0 timestamp: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now) ``` ### MessagePassingProtocol AGENTSNET-inspired message-passing protocol. ```python class MessagePassingProtocol: def __init__(self, rounds: int = 5, synchronous: bool = True): self.rounds = rounds self.synchronous = synchronous self.current_round = 0 self.message_history: List[Dict[str, Any]] = [] ``` ### CostTracker Track costs and usage for budget management. ```python @dataclass class CostTracker: total_tokens_used: int = 0 total_cost_estimate: float = 0.0 budget_limit: float = DEFAULT_BUDGET_LIMIT token_cost_per_1m: float = 0.15 requests_made: int = 0 cache_hits: int = 0 ``` ## Voter Tool Calls The ElectionSwarm supports optional tool calls that allow voter agents to provide detailed explanations of their voting decisions. When enabled, each voter agent will make a tool call to `explain_voting_decision` before casting their vote. ### Tool Call Features - **Detailed Explanations**: Voters provide comprehensive reasoning for their choices - **Structured Data**: Tool calls include voter name, ID, chosen candidate, and reasoning - **Confidence Levels**: Voters specify their confidence in their decision - **Alternative Considerations**: Voters explain why other candidates were not chosen - **Key Factors**: Voters list the most important factors influencing their decision ### Tool Call Structure ```python { "voter_name": "Alice Johnson", "voter_id": "voter_001", "chosen_candidate": "John Progressive", "voting_reasoning": "Detailed explanation of why this candidate was chosen", "key_factors": ["healthcare policy", "environmental stance", "experience"], "confidence_level": 0.85, "alternative_considerations": "Considered Sarah Conservative but disagreed on healthcare" } ``` ### Enabling Tool Calls ```python # Enable voter tool calls in configuration config = ElectionConfig( config_data={ "enable_voter_tool_calls": True, # ... other config options } ) election = ElectionSwarm( election_config=config, # ... other parameters ) ``` ## AGENTSNET Communication Protocols ### Message Passing Protocol The ElectionSwarm implements AGENTSNET-inspired message-passing for distributed coordination: - **Synchronous Communication**: Agents communicate in discrete rounds - **Neighbor-Only Messaging**: Agents can only communicate with immediate neighbors - **JSON Message Format**: Structured message exchange - **Multi-Round Process**: Multiple rounds for information propagation - **Final Decision**: Agents make final decisions after communication rounds ### Communication Flow ```mermaid sequenceDiagram participant V1 as Voter 1 participant V2 as Voter 2 participant V3 as Voter 3 participant ES as ElectionSwarm Note over ES: Round 1: Initial Communication V1->>V2: Share candidate preferences V2->>V1: Share candidate preferences V2->>V3: Share candidate preferences V3->>V2: Share candidate preferences Note over ES: Round 2: Information Exchange V1->>V2: Discuss reasoning factors V2->>V1: Discuss reasoning factors V2->>V3: Discuss reasoning factors V3->>V2: Discuss reasoning factors Note over ES: Round 3: Final Consensus V1->>ES: Final vote with reasoning V2->>ES: Final vote with reasoning V3->>ES: Final vote with reasoning ``` ## Election Algorithms The ElectionSwarm implements five AGENTSNET-inspired algorithms for orchestrator selection. Each algorithm is designed for different coordination scenarios and communication patterns. ### 1. Consensus Algorithm All agents must agree on a single orchestrator candidate through multiple rounds of communication. - **Purpose**: Achieve unanimous agreement on orchestrator selection - **Process**: Multiple rounds until consensus threshold is reached - **Threshold**: Configurable consensus threshold (default: 60%) - **Fallback**: Majority vote if consensus not reached - **Implementation**: `_conduct_consensus_election()` method - **Use Case**: When unanimous agreement is required ### 2. Leader Election Algorithm Select a single leader orchestrator through distributed voting. - **Purpose**: Elect one orchestrator to lead the multi-agent workflow - **Process**: Direct voting with winner-takes-all mechanism - **Complexity**: O(D) rounds where D is network diameter - **Implementation**: `_conduct_leader_election()` method - **Use Case**: When clear leadership hierarchy is needed ### 3. Matching Algorithm Pair voters with compatible orchestrator candidates using maximal matching. - **Purpose**: Create optimal voter-candidate pairings - **Process**: Maximal matching to avoid conflicts - **Complexity**: O(log* n) rounds - **Implementation**: `_conduct_matching_election()` method - **Use Case**: When specialized orchestrator-voter relationships are important ### 4. Coloring Algorithm Group voters and candidates into compatible categories using graph coloring. - **Purpose**: Assign roles such that neighbors have different roles - **Process**: (Δ+1)-coloring where Δ is maximum node degree - **Complexity**: O(log* n) rounds - **Implementation**: `_conduct_coloring_election()` method - **Use Case**: Role assignment with conflict avoidance ### 5. Vertex Cover Algorithm Select minimal set of coordinator agents to cover all voters. - **Purpose**: Choose minimal set of orchestrators to cover all voters - **Process**: Minimal vertex cover selection - **Complexity**: O(log* n) rounds - **Implementation**: `_conduct_vertex_cover_election()` method - **Use Case**: When resource-efficient coordination is needed ### Algorithm Selection Choose the appropriate algorithm based on your coordination needs: ```python # For unanimous decisions ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS # For clear leadership ElectionAlgorithm.LEADER_ELECTION # For optimal pairings ElectionAlgorithm.MATCHING # For role assignment ElectionAlgorithm.COLORING # For minimal coordination ElectionAlgorithm.VERTEX_COVER ``` ## Usage Examples ### Basic Election Setup ```python from swarms.structs.election_swarm import ( ElectionSwarm, VoterProfile, CandidateProfile, VoterType, CandidateType, ElectionAlgorithm ) # Create agent voters voters = [ VoterProfile( voter_id="agent_001", name="Data Analysis Agent", voter_type=VoterType.EXPERT, preferences={ "technical_leadership": 0.9, "data_processing": 0.8, "workflow_efficiency": 0.6 }, expertise_areas=["data_science", "machine_learning"], neighbors=["Research Agent", "Backend Agent"] ), # ... more voters ] # Create orchestrator candidates candidates = [ CandidateProfile( candidate_id="orchestrator_001", name="Technical Lead Orchestrator", candidate_type=CandidateType.INDIVIDUAL, policy_positions={ "technical_leadership": "Focus on code quality and architecture", "team_coordination": "Agile methodologies with clear planning" }, campaign_promises=[ "Implement comprehensive code review processes", "Establish automated testing pipelines" ], leadership_style="transformational", technical_expertise=["software_architecture", "devops"] ), # ... more candidates ] # Create election swarm election = ElectionSwarm( name="Multi-Agent Orchestrator Election", voters=voters, candidates=candidates, verbose=True ) ``` ### Running Elections ```python # Run consensus election result = election.run( task="Select the best orchestrator for our multi-agent workflow", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS, max_rounds=5 ) # Run leader election result = election.run( task="Elect a leader to coordinate our development team", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.LEADER_ELECTION ) # Run matching election result = election.run( task="Match voters with compatible orchestrator candidates", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.MATCHING ) # Run election session with comprehensive analysis session_result = election.run_election_session( election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS, max_rounds=5 ) # Access detailed results election_result = session_result["election_result"] analysis = session_result["analysis"] cost_stats = session_result["cost_statistics"] ``` ### Board CEO Election Example ```python # Create board of directors as voters board_members = [ VoterProfile( voter_id="director_001", name="Sarah Chen - Technology Director", voter_type=VoterType.EXPERT, preferences={ "innovation": 0.9, "technical_excellence": 0.8, "digital_transformation": 0.7 }, expertise_areas=["technology", "innovation"], coordination_style="data_driven", leadership_preferences={ "technical_leadership": 0.9, "innovation": 0.8 } ), # ... more board members ] # Create CEO candidates with diverse approaches ceo_candidates = [ CandidateProfile( candidate_id="ceo_001", name="Alexandra Martinez - Innovation CEO", candidate_type=CandidateType.INDIVIDUAL, policy_positions={ "innovation_leadership": "Aggressive digital transformation", "growth_strategy": "Rapid expansion with high-risk investments" }, leadership_style="transformational", coordination_approach={"innovation": 0.9, "risk_taking": 0.8} ), # ... more CEO candidates ] # Create board CEO election ceo_election = ElectionSwarm( name="Board of Directors CEO Election", voters=board_members, candidates=ceo_candidates, verbose=True ) # Run the election result = ceo_election.run( task="Elect the best CEO to lead our company", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS ) # Get comprehensive statistics stats = ceo_election.get_election_statistics() print(f"Election statistics: {stats}") # Get swarm status status = ceo_election.get_swarm_status() print(f"Swarm status: {status}") ``` ## Advanced Configuration ### Election Configuration The ElectionSwarm uses a comprehensive configuration system with Pydantic validation. ```python from swarms.structs.election_swarm import ElectionConfig, ElectionConfigModel # Create configuration with validation config = ElectionConfig( config_data={ "election_type": "orchestrator_selection", "max_candidates": 5, "max_voters": 50, "enable_consensus": True, "enable_leader_election": True, "enable_matching": True, "enable_coloring": True, "enable_vertex_cover": True, "enable_caching": True, "enable_voter_tool_calls": True, "batch_size": 10, "max_workers": 5, "budget_limit": 100.0, "default_model": "gpt-4o-mini", "verbose_logging": True } ) # Validate configuration errors = config.validate_config() if errors: print(f"Configuration errors: {errors}") # Save configuration to file config.save_config("election_config.yaml") election = ElectionSwarm( name="Advanced Election", election_config=config, voters=voters, candidates=candidates ) ``` ### ElectionConfigModel The configuration model with validation constraints: ```python class ElectionConfigModel(BaseModel): election_type: str = Field(default="orchestrator_selection") max_candidates: int = Field(default=5, ge=1, le=20) max_voters: int = Field(default=100, ge=1, le=1000) enable_consensus: bool = Field(default=True) enable_leader_election: bool = Field(default=True) enable_matching: bool = Field(default=True) enable_coloring: bool = Field(default=True) enable_vertex_cover: bool = Field(default=True) enable_caching: bool = Field(default=True) enable_voter_tool_calls: bool = Field(default=True) batch_size: int = Field(default=25, ge=1, le=100) max_workers: int = Field(default=10, ge=1, le=50) budget_limit: float = Field(default=200.0, ge=0.0) default_model: str = Field(default="gpt-4o-mini") verbose_logging: bool = Field(default=False) ``` ### Cost Tracking and Budget Management ```python # Monitor election costs election = ElectionSwarm( budget_limit=50.0, enable_caching=True ) # Run election with cost monitoring result = election.run(task="Select orchestrator") # Get cost statistics stats = election.get_election_statistics() print(f"Total cost: ${stats['cost_statistics']['total_cost']:.2f}") print(f"Cache hit rate: {stats['cost_statistics']['cache_hit_rate']:.1%}") ``` ## Core Methods ### Step Method Execute a single step of the ElectionSwarm. ```python # Execute a single election step result = election.step( task="Select the best orchestrator for our team", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS, max_rounds=5 ) ``` ### Run Method Run the ElectionSwarm for the specified number of loops. ```python # Run multiple election loops result = election.run( task="Elect a leader for our development team", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.LEADER_ELECTION, max_rounds=3 ) ``` ### Conduct Election Conduct an election using the specified algorithm. ```python # Conduct election directly result = election.conduct_election( election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS, max_rounds=5 ) ``` ### Run Election Session Run a complete election session with comprehensive analysis. ```python # Run election session with detailed analysis session_result = election.run_election_session( election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS, max_rounds=5 ) # Access results election_result = session_result["election_result"] analysis = session_result["analysis"] cost_statistics = session_result["cost_statistics"] ``` ## Swarm Management Methods ### Adding and Removing Participants ```python # Add new voter new_voter = VoterProfile( voter_id="agent_007", name="New Agent", voter_type=VoterType.EXPERT ) election.add_voter(new_voter) # Add new candidate new_candidate = CandidateProfile( candidate_id="orchestrator_004", name="New Orchestrator", candidate_type=CandidateType.INDIVIDUAL ) election.add_candidate(new_candidate) # Remove participants election.remove_voter("agent_007") election.remove_candidate("orchestrator_004") ``` ### Swarm Status and Statistics ```python # Get swarm information status = election.get_swarm_status() print(f"Total participants: {status['total_participants']}") print(f"Voters: {status['voters']}") print(f"Candidates: {status['candidates']}") print(f"Budget remaining: ${status['budget_remaining']:.2f}") # Get comprehensive statistics stats = election.get_election_statistics() print(f"Swarm name: {stats['swarm_info']['name']}") print(f"Cache size: {stats['cache_stats']['cache_size']}") # Get swarm size swarm_size = election.get_swarm_size() print(f"Total swarm size: {swarm_size}") # Get specific voter or candidate voter = election.get_voter("voter_001") candidate = election.get_candidate("candidate_001") ``` ### Reset and Cleanup ```python # Reset election swarm to initial state election.reset() # This clears: # - Conversation history # - Cost tracking # - Message protocol # - Cache ``` ## Best Practices ### 1. Voter Design - **Diverse Expertise**: Include voters with different specializations - **Balanced Preferences**: Ensure varied preference profiles - **Neighbor Connections**: Create meaningful neighbor relationships - **Realistic Demographics**: Use realistic agent characteristics ### 2. Candidate Design - **Clear Platforms**: Define distinct policy positions - **Compelling Promises**: Create realistic campaign promises - **Relevant Experience**: Include pertinent background experience - **Leadership Styles**: Vary leadership and coordination approaches ### 3. Election Configuration - **Appropriate Algorithms**: Choose algorithms matching your use case - **Budget Management**: Set realistic budget limits - **Caching Strategy**: Enable caching for repeated elections - **Logging Level**: Use verbose logging for debugging ### 4. Performance Optimization - **Lazy Loading**: Enable lazy loading for large swarms - **Batch Processing**: Use appropriate batch sizes - **Parallel Execution**: Leverage concurrent operations - **Cost Monitoring**: Track and optimize token usage ## Error Handling The ElectionSwarm includes comprehensive error handling: ```python try: result = election.run( task="Select orchestrator", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS ) except ValueError as e: print(f"Configuration error: {e}") except Exception as e: print(f"Election failed: {e}") ``` Common error scenarios: - **No voters or candidates**: Ensure at least one participant - **Invalid algorithm**: Use supported ElectionAlgorithm values - **Budget exceeded**: Monitor and adjust budget limits - **Agent loading failures**: Check agent configurations ## Integration with Other Swarms The ElectionSwarm can be integrated with other Swarms architectures: ```python # Use with BoardOfDirectorsSwarm from swarms.structs.board_of_directors_swarm import BoardOfDirectorsSwarm # Create board election board_election = ElectionSwarm( name="Board CEO Election", voters=board_members, candidates=ceo_candidates ) # Elect CEO ceo_result = board_election.run( task="Elect CEO for board governance", election_type=ElectionAlgorithm.CONSENSUS ) # Use elected CEO with BoardOfDirectorsSwarm board = BoardOfDirectorsSwarm( chairman=ceo_result.winner, # ... other board configuration ) ``` ## Utility Functions ### Create Default Configuration Create a default election configuration file. ```python from swarms.structs.election_swarm import create_default_election_config # Create default configuration file create_default_election_config("my_election_config.yaml") ``` ### Default Constants The ElectionSwarm uses several default constants: ```python DEFAULT_BUDGET_LIMIT = 200.0 DEFAULT_CONSENSUS_THRESHOLD = 0.6 DEFAULT_MAX_WORKERS = 10 DEFAULT_MAX_ROUNDS = 5 DEFAULT_BATCH_SIZE = 25 ``` ## Conclusion The ElectionSwarm provides a robust, scalable solution for orchestrator selection in multi-agent systems. By implementing AGENTSNET communication protocols and multiple election algorithms, it enables sophisticated democratic decision-making processes that can adapt to various coordination requirements and communication complexities. Key advantages: - **Distributed Coordination**: Implements proven distributed computing algorithms - **Flexible Architecture**: Supports various election types and configurations - **Production Ready**: Includes cost tracking, caching, and comprehensive error handling - **Swarms Integration**: Seamlessly integrates with other Swarms architectures - **Real-world Applications**: Suitable for corporate governance, team leadership, and workflow orchestration The ElectionSwarm represents a significant advancement in multi-agent coordination, providing the tools necessary for sophisticated democratic decision-making in complex agent-based systems.