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1 | Rank | Paper Title | Score | Data preprocessing | Data augmentation | Imbalance | End-to-end | Ensemble | Multi-binary classification | Feature engineering | Hand Features | Temporal | Frequent | Demographic Features | DNN | CNN | RNN/Transformer | Attention | Backbone | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 1 | A Wide & Deep Transformer Neural Network for 12-Lead ECG Classification | 0.533 | Sampling rate 500Hz; Bandwidth 3 - 45 Hz; Value -1 - 1; Window size 15s 0-padding | No | No | Yes | Top 3 best models from 10 folds CV | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | age,sex + 20 top identified features by random forest model | Yes | Yes | Transformer | Inherently in Transformer (location wise) | ResNet + Transformer + hand features + ensemble | None |
3 | 2 | Adaptive lead weighted ResNet trained with different duration signals for classifying 12-lead ECGs | 0.52 | Sampling rate 257 Hz; Value -1 - 1; Window size 4096(16s) 0-padding | No | Thresholding | Yes | Ensemble 5 CV models | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | No | Squeeze-And-Excitation (channel wise) | ResNet + SE | None |
4 | 3 | Classification of Cardiac Abnormalities from ECG Signals using SE-ResNet | 0.514 | Sampling rate 500Hz; Window size 30s 0-padding; Exclude 4 leads; Wavelet denoise | With external data: Hefei | Sign loss | Yes | Rule model for bradycardia | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Squeeze-And-Excitation (channel wise) | ResNet + SE | None |
5 | 4 | Combining Scatter Transform and Deep Neural Networks for Multilabel Electrocardiogram Signal Classification | 0.485 | Sampling rate 500Hz; Value -1 - 1; Window size 10240(20.48 s) | Add noise and drift | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Transformer | Inherently in Transformer (location wise) | ResNet + Transformer | None |
6 | 5 | Classification of 12-lead ECG Signals with Adversarial Multi-Source Domain Generalization | 0.437 | Sampling rate 250Hz; Value normalized | Add or filter frequency components; Substitute, shuffle, invert, filt and scale lead data | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ResNet + RNN | Domain-adversarial training |
7 | 6 | Bag of Tricks for Electrocardiogram Classification with Deep Neural Networks | 0.42 | Sampling rate 500Hz; Bandwith 50-60Hz; Value use mean and std; Exlude PTB and StPetersburg datasets | Manifold Mixup | Weighted loss, Thresholding | Yes | Ensemble 10 CV models | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet | None |
8 | 7 | Automated Comprehensive Interpretation of 12-lead Electrocardiograms Using Pre-trained Exponentially Dilated Causal Convolutional Neural Networks | 0.417 | Sampling rate 500Hz | With external data: UMCU | Weighted loss (focal) | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet | None |
9 | 8 | SE-ECGNet : Multi-scale SE-Net for Multi-lead ECG Data | 0.411 | Window sizw 10s | Random shift signals; Add Gaussian noise | Thresholding | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | No | Squeeze-And-Excitation (channel wise) | ResNet + SE | None |
10 | 9 | Impact of Neural Architecture Design on Cardiac Abnormality Classification Using 12-lead ECG Signals | 0.382 | Window size 10s 0-padding | No | Thresholding | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | ResNet + BiLSTM | NAS |
11 | 10 | Automatic Detection and Classification of 12-lead ECGs Using a Deep Neural Network | 0.359 | Sampling rate 500Hz; Window size 10s 0-padding | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | No | Squeeze-And-Excitation (channel wise) | ResNet + SE | None |
12 | 11 | Cardiac Pathologies Detection and Classification in 12-lead ECG | 0.354 | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Rule based | None |
13 | 12 | Rule-Based Method and Deep Learning Networks for Automatic Classification of ECG | 0.298 | Sampling rate 500 Hz | No | At most N_max instances | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Rule | CWT transforms signal to scalogram image |
14 | 13 | Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network and LightGBM Ensemble Model for 12-lead ECG Classification | 0.281 | Samping rate 500Hz; Bandwidth 0.01 - 20 Hz; Window size 10s | No | SMOTE | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | CRNN + LightGBM | None |
15 | 14 | 12-lead ECG Arrythmia Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network for Mutually Non-Exclusive Classes | 0.279 | Samping rate 100Hz, Window size 10 s; Median filter with 5 samples; Subtract mean of 50 samples | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | CNN | None |
16 | 15 | Cardiac Abnormality Detection in 12-lead ECGs With Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Using Data Augmentation | 0.27 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Bandwidth 0.5 - 45 Hz; Uniform filter with 50 samples | Signal slicing; CutOut; Channel shifting; Additive noise; Dropout | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | NO | NO | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet | Data augmentation |
17 | 16 | A Bio-toolkit for Multi-Cardiac Abnormality Diagnosis Using ECG Signal and Deep Learning | 0.26 | Cardiac cycle 400 samples; Bandwidth 3 - 45 Hz; | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | LSTM | No | CNN+LSTM | None |
18 | 17 | Multi-label Arrhythmia Classification From 12-Lead Electrocardiograms | 0.24 | Bandwidth 12 - 50 Hz; Median filter with 10ms; | No | Undersample the majority class | No (Feature extraction) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | AlexNet, LSTM, SVM… for different classes | Feature Map Generation algorithm design |
19 | 18 | MADNN : A Multi-scale Attention Deep Neural Network for Arrhythmia Classification Data preprocessing | 0.24 | Sampling rate 500 Hz, Window size 30000(60 s) copy-padding | Romdomly crop | Focal loss; Balance factor to filter samples | Yes | VGG, Xception | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ResNet+SE+SK | Data augmentation |
20 | 19 | Classification of 12-lead ECGs Using Gradient Boosting on Features Acquired With Domain-Specific and Domain-Agnostic Methods | 0.23 | Bandwidth 0-80 Hz; Median filter with 200 ms and 600 ms | No | Re-weight positive samples | No (Feature extraction) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | XGBoost | Feature extraction |
21 | 20 | Convolutional Neural Network and Rule-Based Algorithms for Classifying 12-lead ECGs | 0.21 | Samping rate 500Hz; Window size 5000(10s) 0-padding | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | No | No | CNN+Rule-based model (HRV-score) | RMSSD |
22 | 21 | Automated Classification of Electrocardiograms Using Wavelet Analysis and Deep Learning | 0.21 | No | No | Undersample the majority class | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | SqueezeNet, 12 models for each lead with voting scheme | None |
23 | 22 | ECG Abnormalities Recognition Using Convolutional Network With Global Skip Connections and Custom Loss Function | 0.2 | Sampling rate 125 Hz | No | WCE loss function | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet+Custom Loss Function | None |
24 | 23 | Multi-Class Classification of Pathologies Found on Short ECG Signals | 0.19 | Samping rate250Hz | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | ECOC, Bagging | None |
25 | 24 | ECG Classification with a Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network | 0.17 | Samping rate 257 Hz, Bandwidth 0.5- Hz | Random offset | Focal loss; Oversampling; MLSMOTE; An ensemble of binary and multi-label deep models | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | GRU | No | CRNN | Time Augmentation |
26 | 25 | Interpretable XGBoost Based Classification of 12-lead ECGs Applying Information Theory Measures From Neuroscience | 0.16 | Bandwidth 1.5-25 Hz; db4 | No | Undersample the majority class | No (Feature extraction) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | known patient metadata. | No | No | No | No | XGBoost | None |
27 | 26 | Identification of Cardiac Arrhythmias from 12-lead ECG using Beat-wise Analysis and a Combination of CNN and LSTM | 0.15 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Window size 10s 0-padding, Bandwith 0-50 Hz; MODWT; db5; LOESS | No | Select most significant beats number | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | LSTM | No | CNN+BiLSTM | None |
28 | 27 | Classification of 12-Lead Electrocardiograms Using Residual Neural Networks and Transfer Learning | 0.14 | Sampling rate 250Hz; Window size 10s | With external data: MUSE | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet | None |
29 | 28 | ECG Segmentation Using a Neural Network as the Basis for Detection of Cardiac Pathologies | 0.14 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Bandwith 0.05-42 Hz; db4 | No | Focal loss | No (Feature extraction) | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unet+XGBoost | None |
30 | 29 | Automatic 12-lead ECG Classification Using a Convolutional Network Ensemble | 0.132 | Sampling rate 400hz; Window size 4096 0-padding | No | Correlation factor | Yes | 7 convolutional models | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | ResNet | None |
31 | 30 | Utilization of Residual CNN-GRU With Attention Mechanism for Classification of 12-lead ECG | 0.122 | Sampling rate 250 Hz | Power envelopes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | GRU | No | ResNet + RNN | None |
32 | 31 | Selected Features for Classification of 12-lead ECGs | 0.102 | Bandwidth 1- Hz; Median filter | No | No | No | Bootstrap-aggregated | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | only age and sex | No | No | No | No | Decision tree | Featre extraction |
33 | 32 | Classification of 12 Lead ECG Signal Using 1D-Convolutional Neural Network With Class Dependent Threshold | 0.077 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Window size 10000 copy-padding; Converted to physical unit(mV) | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | CNN | None |
34 | 33 | Deep Multi-Label Multi-Instance Classification on 12-Lead ECG | 0.001 | Bandwidth 0.5 - 50 Hz | Randomly sampled | BCELoss | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | ResNet Encoder+attention-based MIC+Decoder | None |
35 | 34 | Diagnostic of Multiple Cardiac Disorders from 12-lead ECGs Using Graph Convolutional Network Based Multi-label Classification | -0.012 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Window size 18s 0-padding | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | GRU | No | CNN+BiGRU+GCN | CNN+BiGRU+GCN(GRN for label correlations) |
36 | 35 | Automatic Concurrent Arrhythmia Classification Using Deep Residual Neural Networks | -0.035 | Window size 2500 | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | RNN GRU LSTM | Yes | ResNet | None |
37 | 36 | Multilabel 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Classification Using Gradient Boosting Tree Ensemble | -0.08 | Sampling rate 0-500 Hz; Window middle 2,000 samples(R:-0.35-0.5s); Average filter with 0.02s; | No | Oversampling; Re-weight | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | XGboost | None |
38 | 37 | A Topology Informed Random Forest Classifier for ECG Classification | -0.113 | 1800 time points | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | demographic data | No | No | No | No | random forest | point cloud embedding |
39 | 38 | Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmias From Varied Length Multichannel Electrocardiogram Recordings Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks | -0.128 | Window size 3000 0-padding | No | Thresholding | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | VGG16 | None |
40 | 39 | Multi-Stream Deep Neural Network For 12-Lead ECG Classification | -0.29 | Bandwidth 0.1-30 Hz | No | No | No (Feature extraction) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | CNN | CNN+feature extraction |
41 | 40 | Classification of 12-lead ECG with an Ensemble Machine Learning Approach | -0.476 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Bandwidth 0.67-30 Hz | Vector magnitude for detect beats | No | No (Feature extraction) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | CNN | 3 CNNs for signal + FFNN for phythm + PVC detection |
42 | 41 | Classification of 12-lead ECGs using digital biomarkersand representation learning | -0.658 | Sampling rate 500 Hz; Bandwidth 0.13-88 Hz; bSQ>0.8; | No | Oversampling | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | only age and sex | Yes | Yes | GRU | No | CNN+GRU | feature engineering + CNN |